Developing international cooperation between research units for better use of investments financed by Regional Operational Programmes and creating innovations in the fields of food, health and bioeconomy – this is the main objective of the ‘CROSSPATHS’ project, implemented under Horizon Europe by institutions from Poland, Portugal and Estonia.
The leader of the consortium is the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn. The other partners are: Catholic University of Portugal and the Estonian University of Life Sciences. They are representatives of the so-called Widening Countries, i.e. countries where the level of scientific excellence is lower than the European Union average.
Each of the units involved in the project has already benefited from ERDF funds, i.e. funds obtained from Regional Operational Programmes for investment in research infrastructure. All also have experience of obtaining grants from the EU’s Horizon Europe programme.
– The ‘CROSSPATHS’ project will bring together the consortium’s resources and create a group with the unique expertise to provide comprehensive solutions for food technology, health and bioeconomy in European systems. This will enable the group to become a large and significant player on the international stage, specialising in providing innovative food solutions with health-promoting effects and limited environmental impact – emphasises Prof. Mariusz Piskuła, director of the Institute and project coordinator.
The aim of the project’s activities is to develop a joint internationalisation strategy and to launch programmes to build the institutions’ human resources capacities. Staff exchanges, study visits, summer schools, specialised training and courses, and participation in international brokerage meetings are just some of the planned activities. This will strengthen the links of these research units with leading European networks and, consequently, enable them to become desirable partners in Horizon Europe consortia.
The project consortium partners will be supported by a mentoring centre from the Netherlands (Wageningen Research), which will allow them to develop their research management competencies, especially in terms of applying for R&D projects and effectively commercialising the services offered by using EU-funded research investments.
IAR&FR PAS in Olsztyn coordinates the entire project. Within the framework of individual tasks, the Institute is responsible for developing a joint internationalisation strategy, organising international meetings and conferences, and a brokerage meeting in Brussels.
– Involvement in this major international project is an opportunity to showcase the capabilities and potential of our – the country’s leading – research unit outside Poland, and increases the chances of implementing the results of our research in European markets – the coordinator adds.
Funded by the EU funds project will run by the end of April 2026. The total budget is almost €1.2 million.
Organisation/Company: Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences
Research Field:
Chemistry » Biochemistry;
Technology » Biotechnology;
Biological sciences » Biological engineering;
Biological sciences » Nutritional sciences.
Researcher Profile:
First Stage Researcher (R1)
Country:
Poland
Application Deadline:
7 Aug 2024 – 23:59 (Europe/Warsaw)
Job Status:
Full-time,
Hours Per Week: 40,
Offer Starting Date: 1 Oct 2024.
Programme:
Horizon Europe – MSCA [MSCA4Ukraine]
OFFER DESCRIPTION:
The Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Poland, is seeking doctoral students and PhD holders/postdoctoral fellows from Ukraine for a period of 6 to 24 months within the MSCA4Ukraine Programme. Candidates should have relevant skills in research related to omics technologies and life sciences, particularly nutrigenomics, to investigate the effects of food and food constituents on gene expression in humans and animals and the development of diet-related diseases.
DESCRIPTION OF THE POSITION:
Main responsibility for performing technically demanding epigenomic assays (DNA methylation, ATAC-seq, ChIPmentation) with PBMCs obtained from an intervention study. In addition, supporting PhD students in wet-lab and computational analysis.
BASIC DUTIES:
Large scale data analysis of transcriptomic and epigenomic data obtained from samples of the intervention study;
Creating mechanistic models from large-scale data obtained from the samples of the intervention study;
Integration of the data using bioinformatics approaches including machine learning methods;
Performing in silico interventions with the mechanistic models.
PhD in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology or Genomics (PhD in progress if interrupted);
Experience in molecular biology;
Training in bioinformatics;
Experience with analysis of high-throughput ‘omics data;
Scientific achievements, including publications in renowned scientific journals;
Achievements resulting from:
conducting scientific research,
awards, workshops and scientific training,
participation in research projects.
ADDITIONAL SKILLS:
MSc in Computer Science, Statistic or Bioinformatics will be considered a clear advantage;
High motivation to work in a multidisciplinary team;
Excellent communication skills for effective interaction with the multidisciplinary cohort of researchers;
Proactive, motivated, showing initiative;
Good work organization;
Fluency in English in writing and speaking;
Good writing and presentation skills;
BENEFITS:
FELLOWSHIP DETAILS IN MSCA4UKRAINE PROGRAMME:
Living Allowance: 3581 EUR gross per month,
Additional Allowances: Special allowances depending on the specific situation of the candidate.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:
Candidates must be one of the following:
Ukrainian nationals,
Stateless persons,
Nationals from third countries other than Ukraine, with primary residence in Ukraine as of 24 February 2022;
Candidates must have been displaced from Ukraine on or after 24 February 2022.
Candidates must either be:
Postdoctoral researchers (i.e., in possession of a doctoral degree by the time the fellowship begins),
Doctoral candidates enrolled at a higher education institution in Ukraine as of 24 February 2022;
Candidates must possess the language skills required to successfully conduct their research activities at the host institution, as confirmed by the host institution;
Current and former MSCA4Ukraine fellows are not eligible.
APPLICATION DOCUMENTS:
Scientific CV;
Cover letter;
Recommendation letter from former supervisor.
SELECTION PROCESS:
Person selected by the Recruitment Committee will be the institution’s candidate to be included in MSCA4U grant proposal;
The Institute does not guarantee that the grant application will be succesful;
Eligable candidates will be invited to an online interviews, where they will be able to present their achievements, scientific interests, and their knowledge in the field will be assessed;
Top 3 best evaluated candidates will be asked to present a specific topic;
Person evaluated best will be offered the position (in grant proposal).
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS:
Please include the following statement in your application documentation (CV preferably):
„I hereby agree to the processing of my personal data included in the application documentation by the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, for the purpose of carrying out the current recruitment process”.
Your personal data will be processed for the purpose of the recruitment procedure by the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn. Full information available here.
Scientists from the Immunology and Food Microbiology Team of IAR&FR PAN have defined a number of highly immunoreactive peptides and proteins present in spices containing peppers. Their presence in the body of people who are primarily allergic to peppers may cause allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock, and cause cross-reactivity with other allergens.
The current increase in the consumption of highly processed foods, especially those containing a lot of spices, brings with it an increased risk of immediate type I hypersensitivity due to the possible presence of hidden allergens in foods that the consumer does not expect. Paprika is a fruit commonly consumed fresh or as a spice. It is used in pizzas, stews, meat dishes, vegetable salads or juices.
– Paprika allergy is rarely diagnosed, so paprika proteins are not a major food allergen, but accidental ingestion by an allergic person can cause a severe reaction, including anaphylactic shock. However, the allergenicity of paprika proteins has not been studied in detail. So far, three paprika allergens (Cap a 1, Cap a 2 and Cap a 7) have been identified and included in official allergen databases (WHO/IUIS), and these are the ones that are highlighted when diagnosing potentially allergic individuals – says Prof Wróblewska.
– Moreover, despite regulations, there are still products on the world markets whose labelling does not always require the indication of the presence of paprika. In our research, we wanted to assess the risks of consuming paprika as a spice, as it is an important part of Polish and global cuisine. We wanted to identify the peptides and proteins from paprika that could cause severe allergic reactions in patients whose allergy test results were inconclusive despite clear clinical symptoms – adds Prof Wróblewska.
Studies have shown that spices contain a number of highly immunoreactive and potentially allergenic peptides and proteins, including those of foreign origin (e.g. post-production contaminants such as latex), the presence of which may stimulate inflammatory mechanisms and cross-reactivity with other food allergens. Furthermore, the authors showed a possible cross-reactivity of paprika proteins with proteins from: tomato, tobacco, grape, mustard, kiwi, sesame, avocado, wheat, maize, banana, chestnut, hazel, moulds, meadow plants and even with proteins of animal origin (cattle, crab and fish), which should be taken into account in allergy diagnosis, especially in cases of idiopathic anaphylaxis, in the absence of pepper-specific IgE antibodies.
You can read more about this on the Nature Publishing Group website. A publication on this topic has appeared in the prestigious journal Scientific Reports. Link to the publication.
Raising consumer awareness and building the desirable attitudes needed to make conscious purchasing decisions – these are the goals of EIT Food „InformPack” education-culinary workshops at the Auchan hypermarket
The meeting was open to adults responsible for grocery shopping at their homes and young consumers who are still forming their shopping habits and will soon be responsible for shaping eating routines in their households.
During the workshop, participants had the opportunity to explore the need for food packaging and the problem of the amount of plastic packaging. Through interactive quizzes, they were able to test their knowledge of the symbols placed by manufacturers on food packaging. As part of the meeting, participants consolidated their knowledge on the principles of recycling.
As part of the InformPack activity, we implemented two tasks that involved applying the previously learnt knowledge in practice. Under the guidance of our scientists and educators – Dr. Joanna Fotschki and Dr. Marta Kopcewicz, participants were asked to do their shopping taking into account the newly gained insights on the packaging symbols. Then, during the cooking part at the Food Bank with Radek Lewandowski, they tried their hands in preparing healthy, plant-based dishes, including courgette spaghetti and pancakes with oyster mushrooms.
Chokeberries and red cabbage owe their colour to anthocyanins, i.e. natural pigments which, in addition to their colouring properties, also have pro-health effects, including being powerful antioxidants. Researchers at our Institute have shown that these compounds cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. This means that they can act beneficially in the environment of nerve cells, inhibiting processes leading, for example, to neurodegenerative diseases.
– Brain is an organ particularly susceptible to oxidative damage, which in turn can lead to neurological disorders such as strokes and neurodegenerative diseases (dementia, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases). Consumption of antioxidant compounds such as anthocyanins can be a preventive measure. We have shown for the first time that they cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier – points out Prof. Wiesław Wiczkowski, head of Metabolomics Laboratory.
IMBALANCE
The starting point for his team’s research was the desire to expand our knowledge of the absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion of anthocyanins present in food, including the possibility that these natural pigments and their metabolites – once ingested – reach the brain.
The second reason was the increasing number of scientific reports on the negative impact of modern society’s lifestyle – full of stress, lack of physical activity and poor diet. This contributes to increased levels of oxidative stress, which is characterised by an imbalance between oxidants (harmful free radicals when present in excess) and antioxidants (neutralising the former).
This state can lead to many diseases and a faster ageing of the body. The brain is also affected, as it is particularly sensitive to oxidative damage due to its high oxygen utilisation rate and high levels of unsaturated fatty acids.
As a preventive measure, scientists recommend the consumption of biologically active compounds with strong antioxidant properties. These include anthocyanins – natural pigments found in chokeberries and red cabbage.
However, in order for these compounds to have a chance to bring a beneficial effect to nerve cells, they must 'enter’ the nerve cell environment, e.g. the cerebrospinal fluid. For this to happen, they have to pass one of the barriers (blood-brain or blood-cerebrospinal fluid) that are designed to protect the central nervous system from toxic substances, among other things.
BREAK THROUGH
Researchers from the Institute have examined this and showed that anthocyanins from chokeberries and red cabbage can cross this barrier.
– We have shown that anthocyanins cross the cerebrospinal fluid and may therefore, theoretically, take part in all processes happening in the environment of nerve cells, especially those limiting oxidative processes – reports Prof. Wiczkowski.
Out of more than 600 anthocyanins present in the plant kingdom, the researchers investigated several forms of cyanidin – the most common form of anthocyanins. The cyanidin derivatives selected for the study had different structures (resulting from their combination with various sugars and phenolic acids; the more such combinations, the greater the structure of the compound).
– In addition to checking whether anthocyanins cross the barrier, we also wanted to see if and what role the molecular size and type of attached substituents (i.e. sugars and phenolic acids) play in this process. It turned out that the barrier crossing of anthocyanins is indeed determined by the molecular weight of these pigments and the type of substituents – explains the scientist.
The concentration of anthocyanins in the cerebrospinal fluid was detected at nanomol (10-9 mole) levels. – Therefore, further studies are needed to verify whether antioxidant mechanisms will occur at such low concentrations – he adds.
Wiesław Wiczkowski argues that, regardless of this last point, it is still a good idea to consume plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, especially those rich in anthocyanins (i.e. those of blue, purple, red and orange colours). – A regular intake of anthocyanins also benefits the composition of our microflora, the functioning of our eyesight and numerous organs. Importantly, no negative effects of these pigments have been demonstrated so far – concludes the scientist.
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The research work was carried out within the framework of the already completed project entitled 'Studies on the permeation of anthocyanins and their metabolites across brain barriers in the context of prevention strategies for neurodegenerative diseases’, funded by the National Science Centre, whose initiator and manager was Prof. Wiesław Wiczkowski. For more details, see the scientific publications available below:
The research formed the core of Dr. Natalia Płatosz’s PhD thesis (under the supervision of Prof. Wiesław Wiczkowski), for which she was awarded the prestigious 'START’ scholarship for young scientists by the Foundation for Polish Science in 2023. Read more.
The Institute’s director informs that the competition for the position of associate professor in the Physiology and Toxicology Team has been settled and the following were selected:
Blood circulating small non-coding RNAs as biomarkers of the reproductive status and gamete quality in pikeperch, the effect of a ketogenic diet on the metabolism and reproductive processes, and the effect of phosphorus-containing food additives on gut and metabolic health. – these are the three research topics to be investigated by our scientists under the recently awarded OPUS 26, SONATA 19 and OPUS 25 grants by the National Science Centre.
OPUS 26 is a competition intended for researchers at all stages of their research career. This time, the NCN Life Sciences panel received 631 applications, of which 91 received funding, giving a success rate of 14.4%.
The project leader is Dr. Joanna J. Nynca from the Gamete and Embryo Biology Team. – The main objective of the project is to investigate in detail the changes in the profile of circulating sncRNAs in pikeperch blood during two successive reproductive cycles (cycle I – virgin fish and cycle II – reproductively experienced fish) and their potential use to monitor reproductive status and link to gamete quality, both in females and males – explains Dr. Joanna J. Nynca.
Budget: PLN 3 023 579.
The SONATA 19 competition is addressed to researchers with a PhD and aims to support those embarking on a scientific career to conduct innovative research. In this edition, 392 applications were submitted to the Life Sciences panel, of which 61 received funding (a success rate of 15.5%).
– The way we eat affects our metabolism, but also regulates our reproductive processes. This raises the question – can a ketogenic diet, through changes in the metabolism, affect reproductive processes and the dynamics of epigenetic processes in oocytes; and does this have consequences for the offspring? To answer this question, we have planned scientific experiments with animals that will undergo a ketogenic diet. The effects of this diet on the metabolism and reproductive processes of female rats will be investigated. We will determine whether the ketogenic diet affects the quality of egg cells and whether the epigenetic changes it can induce in these cells may be passed on to the offspring and affect their health – points out Dr. Piotr Kaczyński.
Budget: PLN 1 844 780.
„How Phosphorus-Containing Food Additives Affect the Gut and Metabolic Health of the Body: Having the Guts to Tackle Phosphates” is the title of the third project awarded by NCN under the OPUS 25 competition. The project is led by Dr. Adam Jurgoński from the Biological Function of Food Team.
– The realization of this project will help in determining what is the role of the most frequently used phosphorus-containing food additives in health and disease and in verifying their safe dietary levels and hazards resulting from their regular consumption. The planned research will also help explain the complicated mechanisms by which phosphorus-containing food additives affect the gut and metabolic health of the body – says Dr. Adam Jurgoński.
On a macro scale, animal bodies are already well known to humans. However, when we descend to a lower level – to the micro scale – it becomes clear how many puzzles there still are. Dr Anna Majewska from the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn has contributed to the completion of this knowledge. She characterised a protein discovered a few years ago called SNAD1, which turned out to be a new important player in fish immunology.
– A new protein called SNAD1 from the AID/APOBEC group of proteins may revolutionise our knowledge of fish immunity, shedding new light on all previously known mechanisms that fish use to fight pathogens and adapt to their environment. It is also a potential tool for the rapid detection of diseases in fish and for monitoring their welfare – emphasises Dr Anna Majewska from the Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology of the IARFR PAS in Olsztyn.
The SNAD1 protein was discovered in 2018 (initially under a different name) by Dr Mariola Dietrich, also from the IARFR PAS. This discovery resulted in further research, led by Dr Anna Majewska, in collaboration with scientists from the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Poznań, and the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany.
This protein belongs to an interesting group of proteins that mutate the genetic code. – During evolution, a whole range of different mechanisms have evolved that could repair errors (mutations) in our DNA or RNA. And this group of proteins does the opposite: it causes these mutations! But it alters the genetic information in the nucleic acids in such a way as to give rise to specific antibodies that are capable of attacking or inactivating viruses or bacteria – explains the researcher.
This occurs in the biochemical process of deamination of cytidine to uridine catalysed by SNAD1. Deaminases are enzymes, and cytidine and uridine are biological active substances involved in cellular metabolism. Everything takes place within the nucleic acids, which store the organism’s genetic information and mediate protein production.
This protein is found in a variety of fish species. Thirteen of its variants have been demonstrated in carp, indicating its multifunctional role.
– In our study, we found that the SNAD1 protein is sensitive to a change in temperature to cooler temperatures – in which case its expression increases by up to a thousand-fold. This also happens in response to exposure to a virus or bacteria. This indicates that the protein plays an important role in immune processes. Thus, if a fish becomes infected with a bacterium or virus, the protein is involved in the host defence process by encoding genes in the RNA in such way that they produce an antibody to the specific pathogen – says the researcher.
In a paper recently published in the journal Frontiers in Immunology, the researcher showed that the SNAD1 protein is involved in immune processes. However, it is necessary to understand it in more detail, among other biochemical aspects. Further research steps in this direction are already planned.
Once the SNAD1 protein has been further characterised, it could in future be used as a marker of fish welfare. – If we know that the expression level of this protein increases in specific situations, we will be able to react immediately and stop the disease at an early stage. This could contribute to more efficient fish breeding and be a potential tool for treating various types of diseases through genetic engineering,” points out Anna Majewska.
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The research was conducted as part of a project from the NCN OPUS 22 competition entitled „In search of the role of carp cold acclimation protein 31 (Cap31) – a new player in fish immunity against microbes?”, led by Prof. Andrzej Ciereszko – head of the Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology of IARFR PAS in Olsztyn.
Dr Lucyna Budźko and Prof. Marek Figlerowicz from the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Dr Mikołaj Adamek from the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (Germany) participated in the described research on the SNAD1 protein.
Vitamin D regulates the work of hundreds of genes and dozens of physiological functions in the human body, including those responsible for the efficiency of the immune system. The latest research has shown that each of us reacts differently to vitamin D (has a different level of responsiveness), which translates into, among others: to a faster or slower pace of the aging process of our body.
An expert in this field – Prof. Carsten Carlberg, world-famous biochemist and head of the Nutrigenomics Laboratory at the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, talks about the current scientific knowledge about vitamin D.
The best-known effect of vitamin D is maintaining the appropriate level of calcium in the body to maintain proper bone structure. But that’s not its only function, right?
Prof. Carsten Carlberg: Yes. Vitamin D regulates not only calcium homeostasis, but also our immunity. It is important for „training” our immune system so that it works effectively against microbial infections, but does not overreact against possible autoimmune reactions. Its long-term deficiency may lead not only to bone diseases (rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults), but also causes malfunction of the immune system, leading, among others to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases or autoimmune diseases.
How does vitamin D regulate our immunity?
Vitamin D regulates the work of hundreds of genes and dozens of physiological functions in the human body, including those responsible for the activity of the immune system. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) plays a significant role here, which is responsible for transmitting the appropriate signal and then modulating the expression of hundreds of target genes. Analysis of this process at the molecular level in vivo, i.e. in humans, is the main challenge for future studies of vitamin D target genes.
What have the results of your research so far shown?
The research is still ongoing, but based on the results so far, we have proposed dividing the population into three groups, according to the level of the body’s response to vitamin D: high responders, medium responders and low responders. A high level of responsiveness means that the body is able to make a maximum use of the effects of vitamin D (it has a high molecular response to vitamin D) and that in this group of people the need for supplementation is lower than in people from the low responsive group. This division was and still is the starting point for my subsequent research.
What kind of research?
Among other, I looked at the relationship between this responsiveness division and the processes occurring at the molecular level in cells sensitive to changes in vitamin D – in the context of the aging process.
Aging is a natural and inevitable process of accumulation of molecular and cellular damage. This leads to defective functions of cells, tissues and organs that weaken the entire human body, also in terms of immunocompetence, which is the ability of the human body to respond appropriately to exposure to an antigen. As overall immunocompetence declines during aging, the relative number of immune cells also declines.
However, our research has shown that there is a difference between people, i.e. some people have a higher percentage of immune cells than average, and some have a lower percentage. Therefore, it can be assumed that in the first group, the rate of aging is slower and the incidence of disease is lower, while in the second group, accelerated aging and a higher rate of disease should be observed. Going further, on this basis it can also be assumed that linking the level of the body’s individual response to vitamin D with its immunocompetence plays a significant role in the aging process.
Moreover, I am conducting research as part of a project financed by the National Science Center entitled “Investigating the mechanisms of epigenetic memory at the example of the responsiveness of human immune cells to vitamin D”.
The research entails intervention studies with selected residents of the city of Olsztyn. We hope this study will help us answer the question of whether the things we do or experience throughout our lives can be stored in the epigenome of our cells. In other words, does the epigenome (i.e. the set of chemical modifications of DNA that regulate the functions of the genome) function as a memory of our lifestyle, using the example of vitamin D.
You have been working at the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn for over two years now. You are the founder of the Nutrigenomics Laboratory that you manage. What is nutrigenomics?
Nutrition is an essential element of life because it consists of molecules that meet our body’s needs for macro- and microelements. Moreover, some of these molecules directly communicate with the human genome (genetic material) and epigenome. And it is this complex relationship that is the essence of nutrigenomics.
Does this mean that diet affects the human body more than we think?
Definitely. Daily communication between diet and the (epi)genome modulates gene expression in metabolic organs such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas, as well as in the brain and immune system. The cellular and molecular biology behind these gene regulatory processes maintains the homeostasis of the human body that prevents the development of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
I conducted research that showed that the (epi)genome cannot keep up with adapting to the modern diet. Over the last 50 years, human life, including its diet, has changed so radically that the general population has not yet had time to adapt and cannot cope with problems related to lifestyle diseases, such as overweight and obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure.
For example, most of the time humans ate products with a low salt content, therefore our body has developed an efficient system for absorbing this salt from our diet, which was necessary in ancient times, but today creates many problems. Today’s diet is high in salt, and excess salt causes high blood pressure, which kills 10 million people worldwide each year.
Can this be prevented?
Of course. Our fate is in our hands – epigenetics largely depends on what (good or bad) we do to our body. The occurrence of these diseases mentioned earlier is influenced by many environmental factors, including our diet, so if we take care of our health, we can minimize the risk.
Finally, let’s talk about the latest recommendations regarding vitamin D supplementation. What are the experts’ guidelines?
The main source of vitamin D for the body is skin synthesis in contact with UV radiation. That’s why it’s worth exposing our skin to the sun – of course, remembering about proper protection against sunburn. Changing the style and mode of our lives, including: Spending a lot of time indoors translates into numerous vitamin D deficiencies, especially in the autumn and winter. A diet can help us, but even a balanced and varied one is not enough. Therefore, everyone should supplement vitamin D in the fall and winter, and people who do not spend enough time outdoors, even in summer, should supplement vitamin D throughout the year.
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More information about the Nutrigenomics Laboratory of the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research PAS in Olsztyn and the latest research of the ERA Chair WELCOME2 team can be found at: https://welcome2.pan.olsztyn.pl/
